## Phonetics
---
## Phones
vowel;
consonant;
phone; atomic phonetic unit represented by a sound listed on the IPA



## Articulation
Requires familiarity with the anatomy of the human mouth.


## Place of articulation
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Linguo-labial
Dental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Retroflex
Alveolar-palatal
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
epiglottal
glottal


## Manner of articulation
nasal
plosive
sibilant fricative
non-sibilant fricative
approximant
tap/flap
trill
lateral fricative
lateral approximant
lateral tap/flap


## Voice
Voiceless
Voiced
Breathy
creaky
modal
## Stress, pitch, tone
Stress
pitch
tone
## Aspiration
aspiration
## Gemination 
aspiration





## International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)vowel

The goal of the IPA is to create a phonetic script t
- letters are atomic; they represent phones and not complex phones
- letters are context-independent; they are always pronounced in the same way
- the IPA doesn't distinguish letters that no human language distinguishes


Vowels
Pulmonic consonants
Non-pulmonic consonants


click consonants;
semivowels;
labial
bibial
dorsal
tone

## Pulmonic consonants

## Non pulmonic consonants
click
ejective
implosive
## (IPA)
open~close
front~back
rounded~unrounded