\part{Introductory analysis of Japanese}

\chapter{Linguistic typology of Japanese}



Japanese is an SOV, agglutinative synthetic language.


\section{Parts of speech (品詞)}

Japanese parts of speech have some overlap with English, however are quite distinct in the way they handle 'adjectival' words (words used to supplement nouns). Additionally, Japanese grammar relies on \emph{particles}, and numerals have to be handled by \emph{counters} before they can modify a noun.
\begin{itemize}
	\item 名詞 (noun)
	\item 動詞 (verb)
	\item 形容詞 (i-adjective)
	\item 形容動詞 (na-adjective)
	\item 連体詞 (attributive)
	\item 副詞 (adverb)
	\item 代名詞 (pronoun)
	\item 接続詞 (conjunction)
	\item 感動詞 (interjection)
	\item 助詞 (particle)
	\item 数詞 (numeral)
	\item 助数詞 (counter)
\end{itemize}


%\subsection{i-adjectives, na-adjectives, and adnominals}

%na-adjectives require the use of a copula (a word like 'is', 'are', 'am', etc.) to be inflected.
%There exists a small class of na-adjectives they are use different particles for noin-joining and adverb transform; they are sometimes called 'taru-adjectives'.
%たる　な
%と	に
%taru-adjectives are fossilized part of speech from old Japanese, and hence are few in number.

%Attributives are another small part of speech that acts in the sense of an adjective, they are particular easy to use as they simply precede a noun.


%\subsection{Counters}

%\subsection{Particles}


Now we introduce some grammatical categories that are prevalent in Japanese, but may not have much place in English.


\section{Animacy in Japanese}
To a lesser extent than honorifics, Japanese is affected  by animacy; whether an object in question is an animal or not.
Vocabulary varies for objects with different levels of animacy (iru, aru; use of jibun; ), and some grammatical constructs. Though one could argue that such ideas are found to some extent in almost every language, Japanese notably gives more weight than usual to the concept of animacy.

Almost all languages may have a few aspects of animacy (notably the use of 'who' instead of 'what', and 'he/she' instead of 'it' for animate ob), the aspect of animacy manifests itself in notably more situations in Japanese.

ある・いる
たち、ら、ども、方
Preference of object used by は
Use of 自分


\section{Honorifics in Japanese}
外; out-groups
内; in-groups

There are many constructs in japanese that will depend on which group one is talking to or refering to. Honorifics can change the type of vocabulary used, however it also affects Japanese on a morphological level; words can be inflected differently for honorific purposes. Although the type of English used to demonstrate politeness and formality differs in the case of using standard grammar and preference of certain vocabulary, Japanese has specific grammatical structures dedicated to honorifics, and the choice of vocabulary becomes more of a grammatical necessity rather than a preference.

丁寧語; General politeness
尊敬語; Politeness by exhaulting soto
謙譲語; poltieness by humbling uchi


conjugation
vocabulary choice



\section{Generic word order}


The standard word order for Japanese is SOV word order.


Since Japanese is highly contextual, the subject of the verb is sometimes dropped.


It is possible for the position of subjects and objects to vary based on emphasis.
田中さんがピアノを弾く。
ピアノを田中さんが弾く。

Japanese word order on a smaller scale is relatively free and otherwise simple.



\subsection{Nouns}
Gerally words that represent objects and subjects (person, place, thing, idea, etc.)


\subsection{Verbs}
Words that represent actions or predicates between objects and subjects

verb class
%mood
tense
voice
%aspect

indicativo
presente
passato prossimo
imperfetto
futuro semplice
passato remoto
trapassato prossimo
trapassato remoto
futuro anteriore


imperativo
presente

condizionale
presente
passato

congiuntivo
presente
passato
imperfetto
trapassato

There are also the nonfinite forms of infinitives gerunds and past participles.




\subsection{Adjectives}
Words that modify a noun either directly or by the copula.
gender
number



\subsection{Adverbs}

\subsection{Articles}

Word modifying a noun to describe whether it refers to a specific or general instance (or instances) of that noun .
Italian has 1 article in the language that has 7 different forms that inflect based on the following

gender
number
euphonics


\subsection{Pronouns}
Context-sensitive words that substitute nouns or noun phrases
uninflectional
\subsection{Conjunctions}
words that connect 
uninflectional
\subsection{Interjections}
uninflectional
\subsection{Numerals}
Words that represent numerals
uninflectional
\subsection{Prepositions}
uninflectional